{"id":13721,"date":"2024-05-22T09:08:41","date_gmt":"2024-05-22T05:08:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arvak.am\/?p=13721"},"modified":"2024-07-28T11:44:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T07:44:28","slug":"would-you-fight-for-your-country","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arvak.am\/en\/would-you-fight-for-your-country\/","title":{"rendered":"Would you fight for your country?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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The article presents results of the \u201cGlobal Barometer of Hope and Despair\u201d; survey, conducted in 2023 by the Gallup International Association in 45 countries, including Armenia. Preliminary analysis of the results related to the question: \u201cWould you fight for your country?\u201d are carried out. Some culturomics aspects of the question are analyzed via Google Books N-gram Viewer tool.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]\n\t\t

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\u0540\u0578\u0564\u057e\u0561\u056e\u0578\u0582\u0574 \u0576\u0565\u0580\u056f\u0561\u0575\u0561\u0581\u057e\u0561\u056e \u0565\u0576 \u00ab\u0540\u0578\u0582\u0575\u057d\u056b \u0587 \u0570\u0578\u0582\u057d\u0561\u0570\u0561\u057f\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u0563\u056c\u0578\u0562\u0561\u056c \u0562\u0561\u0580\u0578\u0574\u0565\u057f\u0580\u00bb \u0570\u0565\u057f\u0561\u0566\u0578\u057f\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u0561\u0580\u0564\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0584\u0576\u0565\u0580\u0568, \u0578\u0580\u0576 \u0561\u0576\u0581\u056f\u0561\u0581\u0580\u0565\u056c \u0567 Gallup International Association-\u0568 2023 \u0569. 45 \u0565\u0580\u056f\u0580\u0576\u0565\u0580\u0578\u0582\u0574, \u0561\u0575\u0564 \u0569\u057e\u0578\u0582\u0574\u055d \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0578\u0582\u0574\u0589 \u053f\u0561\u057f\u0561\u0580\u057e\u0578\u0582\u0574 \u0567 \u00ab\u053f\u056f\u057c\u057e\u0565\u055e\u0584, \u0561\u0580\u0564\u0575\u0578\u0584, \u0571\u0565\u0580 \u0565\u0580\u056f\u0580\u056b \u0570\u0561\u0574\u0561\u0580\u00bb \u0570\u0561\u0580\u0581\u056b \u057a\u0561\u057f\u0561\u057d\u056d\u0561\u0576\u0576\u0565\u0580\u056b \u0576\u0561\u056d\u0576\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u057e\u0565\u0580\u056c\u0578\u0582\u056e\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0568\u0589 Google Books N-gram Viewer \u0563\u0578\u0580\u056e\u056b\u0584\u056b \u0574\u056b\u057b\u0578\u0581\u0578\u057e \u057e\u0565\u0580\u056c\u0578\u0582\u056e\u057e\u0578\u0582\u0574 \u0565\u0576 \u0570\u0561\u0580\u0581\u056b \u0578\u0580\u0578\u0577 \u0574\u0577\u0561\u056f\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0561\u0562\u0561\u0576\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0561\u057d\u057a\u0565\u056f\u057f\u0576\u0565\u0580\u0589[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]\n\t\t

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\n\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0410. \u0410.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]\n\t\t
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\u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”” woodmart_inline=”no” text_larger=”no”]<\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 2023 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 Gallup \u0432 45 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u00ab\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443?\u00bb. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 Google Books N-gram Viewer.\u00a0<\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”” woodmart_inline=”no” text_larger=”no”]<\/p>\n

Ara H. Marjanyan(1)<\/sup><\/a>(2)<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

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INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd I’m begging you. \/ Be a little mathematician, \/ But provided this comforter.<\/p>\n

Do not add a lie to truth, \/ But divide the lie by truth.<\/p>\n

Do not add sadness to grief \/ But divide them, sadness by grief\u201d:<\/p>\n

Paruyr Sevak, 1957(3)<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

There are many surveys in the world of what is commonly called \u201cpublic opinion\u201d. They are often meaningless, sometimes important and meaningful. The purpose of our article is to acquaint the reader with the results of one such survey that was conducted as part of the \u201cGlobal Barometer of Hope and Despair\u201d(4)<\/sup><\/a> project by Gallup International Association<\/em> (GIA) in 45 countries of the world at the end of 2023 [1].<\/p>\n

In Armenia the survey was conducted by MPG LLC<\/em> by means of a computer and telephone survey among 1100 citizens aged over 18. In Azerbaijan it was carried out by SIAR Research & Consulting Group<\/em>, through a simple telephone survey among 500 citizens over 18. In the Russian Federation, unlike previous years, the survey was conducted by Be Media Consultant<\/em> among 1200 citizens over 18, using the Internet survey method(5)<\/sup><\/a>. In total, from October to December 2023, 46138 people were interviewed in 45 countries of the world, according to an average country representative sample of about 1000 men and women. The survey error ranged from +3 to 5% with a 95% confidence [1].<\/p>\n

Among other things, respondents were asked to answer the question: \u201cIf there was a war involving (YOUR COUNTRY), would you fight for your country\u201d?<\/p>\n

Since this question had raised to us not only, and not so much, by the Gallup International<\/em>, but rather by life and destiny itself, and not only at the end of 2023, but also over the course of several decades, it is interesting to analyze the data obtained and compare them with our perceptions.<\/p>\n

The form of words (a culturomical excursus)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cWhat kind of house is this”, he said \/ “Where I have come to roam?”<\/p>\n

“It’s not a house”, says Judas Priest \/ “It’s not a house, it’s a home\u201d<\/p>\n

Bob Dylan, 1967(6)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

We do not know for certain how<\/em> exactly this question was formulated in specific countries, for example in Armenian, Azerbaijani or Russian languages. At the time of writing our article (April 2024), the results were not published in Armenian, as well as in other languages. On the official website of Gallup International<\/em> there is only a short report of the 2023 survey, of course, in English [1]. And hundreds of publications on this topic, issued in dozens of languages around the world by various resources in recent days and weeks, have referred only to this English-language report. Moreover, the results are presented without any analysis.<\/p>\n

However, in real life, this question was asked in 43 different languages and in 45 countries of the world, thereby raising at least 45 different complexes of \u201clanguage\/word\/cultural-historical linguistic interpretation\u201d interactions. After all, it\u2019s one thing, let\u2019s say, to ask in Russian, \u201cWould you fight for your country<\/em>?\u201d And it\u2019s another thing to pose the question \u201cWould you fight for your homeland<\/em>\u201d, or \u201cMotherland<\/em>\u201d with a capital letter, or even for \u201cFatherland<\/em>\u201d (Patria). One thing is to preface the question with some kind of preamble clarifying the situation, for example, to say in advance \u201cIf your homeland is attacked, would you fight for it<\/em>?\u201d And it\u2019s another thing to ask: \u201cIf your country attacks an enemy, will you still fight for it<\/em>\u201d, etc. And here, once again, we find ourselves on the thin ice with the problem of translation, connotation and interpretation of words in various linguistic environments.<\/p>\n

The question we are interested in was formulated in English (the original survey template) as follows: \u201cIf there were a war that involved (YOUR COUNTRY), would you be willing to fight for your country?\u201d<\/em>, with answer options \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d, \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d and \u201cDon\u2019t know<\/em>\u201d or \u201cNo response<\/em>\u201d (DK\/NR<\/em>) [1]. The national teams could only insert the name of the country, where the survey was conducted, instead of brackets and strictly follow the lexical logic and form of the template when translating. We will assume that in Russian and Armenian the question was asked correctly\u201d(7)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

The first thing that catches one\u2019s eye here is the desire of the survey organizers to use emotionally neutral language. Why was the rather cumbersome preamble \u201cIf there were a war that involved your country<\/em>\u201d needed in the English template? The compilers clearly avoid specifying which war they are talking about. After all, it is one thing if your country has been subjected to (an unprovoked) military aggression, and you have the moral justification and legal right to wage a defensive war, driven by patterns of patriotic mythology or by invoking Article 51 of the UN Charter(8)<\/sup><\/a>. Another matter is if it is your country that started a war and is, in fact, an aggressor. But the GIA survey bypasses all these subtleties and proceeds, as it were, from a fait accompli<\/em>, i. e. \u2013 your country has already been involved in the war. And the question now is whether you will fight for it or not.<\/p>\n

The second thing is that, that organizers deliberately used the neutral concept of \u201cYOUR COUNTRY<\/em>\u201d, avoiding the use of such emotionally charged words as \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d or \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d. Which brings us to the interesting question of the different connotations and frequency of the use (usage) of such words as \u201ccountry<\/em>\u201d, \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d, \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u0565\u0580\u056f\u056b\u0580<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u0567\u0580\u056f\u056b\u0580<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u0570\u0561\u0575\u0580\u0565\u0576\u056b\u0584<\/em>\u201d, \u201cpatria<\/em>\u201d, \u201cvaterland<\/em>\u201d, etc., in different linguistic and cultural environments and in different historical times.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, after the \u201cGreat December Revolution of 2010\u201d and the creation of the \u201cGoogle N-grams\u201d tool [3], it turned out to be possible to investigate qualitatively and, most importantly, quantitatively, such issues with unprecedented accuracy. Although only for some, very few, language environments(9)<\/sup><\/a>. The entire range of these issues is discussed in more detail in [3]; so, we refer the interested reader to it and the literature cited there.<\/a><\/p>\n

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Figure 1. <\/strong>Frequency (%) of separate words (1-grams) \u201ccountry<\/em>\u201d, \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d and \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d in same scale, (above). Separately for only \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d and \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d (below). The Corpus of English Fiction, 1900-2019.
\nSource<\/em>: <\/strong>Google Books N-gram Viewer<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Here, we will limit ourselves by using the N-gram tool to build curves for the frequency of usage of three different words (1-gram): \u201ccountry\u201d, \u201chomeland\u201d and \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d(10)<\/sup><\/a>, in the so-called Corpus of the English literary language(11)<\/sup><\/a><\/em>, which includes books and articles published since 1900 to 2019, Fig. 1<\/strong> (above). This Corpus<\/em> consists of breathtaking 361 billion(12)<\/sup><\/a> instances of the usage of individual words (1-grams) or their various combinations (N-grams, where N can be up to 10).<\/p>\n

As we can see, the frequency of usage of the word \u201ccountry<\/em>\u201d in this staggering corpus far exceeds the frequency of the words \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d and \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d, almost throughout the entire period in question. In this sense, it can be considered indeed \u201ccommonly used\u201d in the widest context, and therefore it can be considered as \u201cneutral<\/em>\u201d. This superiority is so great, that reproduction of the curves of these three words on one chart with same scale, suppresses the curves of \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d and \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d, making them practically indistinguishable (see Fig. 1<\/strong>, above). Nevertheless, an important cultural, historical and linguistic feature of English literary language is already noticeable here: a gradual decrease of usage of the word \u201ccountry<\/em>\u201d in English throughout the entire 20th<\/sup> century.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the rate of decline has been increasing since the mid-60s of the last century (figuratively speaking, since \u201cMay 1968\u201d and the \u201csexual revolution<\/em>\u201d [4]). After 2012-13, the frequency of usage of the word \u201ccountry<\/em>\u201d began to increase, first time in more than 100 years (see Fig. 1,<\/strong> above). In our opinion, this is a bright, \u201clinguistic\u201d illustration of the victorious march of the \u201cglobalization\u201d era, which began in the 70s of the last century and lasted for more than three decades. Until the crisis of 2009 and the start of the \u201cAmerican-Chinese\u201d global confrontation, comprehended by the Anglo-Saxon world in the beginning of the 2010s.<\/p>\n

To revile peculiarities of the \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d and \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d usage, in Fig. 1<\/strong>, bellow, we present the curves only for these two words. The picture is very revealing. As we can see, before 1914 and the World War I (\u201cThe Great War\u201d in the English-speaking cultural environment), the frequency of usage of the word \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d noticeably exceeds the frequency of the original \u201cAnglo-Saxon\u201d word \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d. After the \u201cGreat War\u201d and the defeat of Germany, there was a noticeable decrease in the frequency of the \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d usage. And vice versa<\/em>, there is a noticeable increase in the frequency of usage of the word \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d. It reaches its first peak in the second half of the twenties of the 20th<\/sup> century. The two curves intersect in 1932, on the eve of the Nazi Party coming to power in Germany. The frequency of the word \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d reached its second pea<\/p>\n

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Figure 2.<\/strong> Frequency of the usage phrases (3-grams) \u201cto fight for homeland\u201d and \u201cto fight for the country\u201d. The Corpus of the Russian language, 1900\u20132019.
\nSource:<\/strong> Google Books N-gram Viewer.<\/a><\/p>\n

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at the height of the World War II and then remained noticeably higher than the frequency of the \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d, strongly reminiscent of the \u201cGerman\u201d, if not \u201cNazi\u201d origin(13)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

In order to illustrate the possibilities of the \u201cN-grams\u201d tool and to reveal the linguistic and cultural-historical features of the Russian language, on Fig. 2<\/strong> we present two frequency curves for three-word combination (3-grams) “to fight for the homeland<\/em>” (\u201c\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443\u201d) and “to fight for the country<\/em>” (\u201c\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443\u201d) in the Corpus of the Russian language, from 1900 to 2019.<\/p>\n

Without going into the details, let us highlight only two things related to the subject of our article. First, the frequency curve of the phrase “fight for the homeland<\/em>” has two clear peaks for the periods of WWI and WWII. Secondly, the usage of phrase “fighting for the country<\/em>” has an almost zero frequency until the beginning of the \u201cD\u00e9tente\u201d(14)<\/sup><\/a><\/em> in the 1970s. A noticeable increase of the frequency of \u201cfighting for the country<\/em>\u201d begins only after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, see Fig. 2.<\/p>\n

Needless to say, that the corpus Armenian language, despite the significant achievements of the 60s and 80s, has not been created until today. Otherwise, it would be interesting to compare the frequency of the usage of \u201cDeath <\/em>or Freedom<\/em>\u201d, \u201cDeath <\/em>or Homeland<\/em>\u201d, possibly even \u201cHomeland <\/em>or Freedom<\/em>\u201d phrases, in the Corpus of Armenian language, and let say over1900 to 2024 time period(15)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Summing up this \u201cculturomical\u201d excursus, we want to stress:<\/p>\n

The importance of language (and translation) in international public opinion surveys;<\/p>\n

The volume and consequences of the measures taken to preserve the \u201cneutrality<\/em>\u201d of the question considered here of the GIA 2023 survey;<\/p>\n

Immanent, indestructibility presence of the linguistic and cultural-historical \u201cbackground\u201d, hidden behind the results of a public opinion surveys, like GIA \u201cEoY\u201d.<\/p>\n

By prefacing the question with a \u201ccunning\u201d preamble and using the expression (YOUR COUNTRY), GIA really attached certain \u201cneutrality<\/em>\u201d to the question posed, but in no way neutralized the linguistic and cultural-historical features inherent in different linguistic environments. Given the tendency of the human brain to simplify any task, including socio-linguistic ones, undoubtedly the GIA question was perceived on an emotional and subconscious level, as a simple, straightforward and clear question. “Will you fight for your country\u201d? <\/em>Perhaps even as \u201cWill you fight for your Homeland<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

2. results. Preliminary analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cAnd do not brag about the question. \/ Just be proud of the solution!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Paruyr Sevak, 1957.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The results of GIA 2023 survey [1] we summarized in three charts, depending on the answers: affirmative (\u201cYes<\/em>\u201d), negative (\u201cNo<\/em>\u201d), and uncertain \u201cDon\u2019t know\/No response<\/em>\u201d (DK\/NR<\/em>)(16)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ch. 1<\/strong> shows the percentage of respondents answered \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d for all considered 45 countries of GIA 2023 survey. It is important to stress that this chart is ranged in a descending order. That is, the order of countries along the axis X<\/em> of the Ch. 1<\/strong> follows a decreasing percentage of an affirmative answer to the given question (in [1] results are given in English alphabetical order). Among the countries X<\/em> axis, the average result of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answer (51.7%) can be seen, as if it were a separate \u201caverage\u201d country covered by the survey. We have corrected minor errors made in [1], while calculating the averages of the answers.<\/p>\n

As we can see, at the end of 2023, Armenia, with a 96% of affirmative answer to the question, took first place among all 45 countries covered by survey. The second place was held by Saudi Arabia (94%), followed by Azerbaijan (88%), Pakistan (86%) and Georgia (83%). These top five countries are characterized by a significant, almost twofold, excess of the \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answers over the average value (51.7%, Ch. 1<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

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Chart 1. <\/strong>Percentage of \u201cYes\u201d<\/em> answers (%). The order of countries follows descending of the \u201cYes\u201d<\/em> answers (%). In the window \u2013 graphs of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d and \u201cNo\u201d answers, plotted over the fixed order of countries by descending of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answers. GIA 2023 EoY Survey. <\/strong><\/p>\n

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At first glance, it seems natural that charts of negative and uncertain answers should also be built up in the form of ranged charts with descending percentage of \u201cNo\u201d<\/em> and \u201cDK\/NR<\/em>\u201d answers respectively. After all, this is how the public opinion surveys results are usually presented. However, based on reasons that will became clear below, we intentionally preserve the order of countries for \u201cYes\u201d<\/em> answers of Ch. 1<\/strong> also for the Ch. 2<\/strong> of negative and for Ch. 3<\/strong> of \u201cuncertain<\/em>\u201d answers.<\/p>\n

Firstly, it is important to note, that the top 5 countries of Ch. 1<\/strong>, are at the same time the very countries, were \u201cNo\u201d<\/em> answers were significantly lower than the average value of the \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d answers (see Chart 2). For example, for Armenia and S. Arabia \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d answers were only 2% and 3% respectively, which is about 10 times less than the average \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d answer (34%, see Ch. 2<\/strong>)(17)<\/sup><\/a>. Correspondingly, the \u201cuncertain\u201d answers for top 5 countries of Ch. 1<\/strong> were significantly lower than the average \u201cDK\/NR<\/em>\u201d answer for all 45 countries (15%, see Ch. 3<\/strong>)(18)<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Secondly, we want to stress, that Ch. 2<\/strong> of \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d answers, built upon the sequence of countries in Ch. 1<\/strong> of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answers, and not ranged<\/em> by the descending percentage of \u201cNo\u201d <\/em>answers, however, looks like ranged <\/em>by descending of \u201cNo\u201d <\/em>answers. Geometrically speaking, Ch. 2<\/strong> looks like a mirror reflection of Ch. 1<\/strong> (we emphasized this in the window of Ch. 1<\/strong>). This is by no means a trivial result, and one could not expect such a thing A priori<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The fact that the order of the countries in Ch. 1<\/strong> for \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answers, demonstrates a \u201cgeometric meaning<\/em>\u201d, also for the Ch. 2<\/strong> of the \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d answers, indicates that the survey results have an inner \u201cphysical\u201d<\/em>, meaning and in a sense are consistent.<\/a><\/p>\n

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Chart 2.<\/strong> Percentage of \u201cNo\u201d<\/em> answers (%). The order of countries as in Chart 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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That is, we see a picture, where countries with a significantly higher percentage of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answers, compared to the average, are also countries with a significantly lower percentage of \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d answers, compared to the average. A similar, but more blurred, picture is also noticeable on Ch. 3<\/strong> of \u201cDK\/NR<\/em>\u201d answers, which, is also built up for the order of the countries of Ch. 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

In other words, those results of GIA 2023 survey which are related the question \u201cWill you fight for your country\u201d(19)<\/sup><\/a> demonstrate inner consistency, reflecting the degree of \u201cdetermination<\/em>\u201d of the countries (more precisely, the respondents) to fight for their country. And the order of countries ranged by the descending of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d answers, retains some \u201cinvariant<\/em>\u201d meaning for other two charts as well. This makes us assume that behind the \u201clinear<\/em>\u201d picture of Ch. 1, 2<\/strong> and 3<\/strong>, hidden is a richer picture of countries configuration, than that which is revealed by a simple ordered graph. Thus, further analysis to identify this picture is expedient, and we will try to do it in our next article on this subject.<\/p>\n

Let us return to the preliminary analyses of the results.<\/p>\n

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Chart 3. <\/strong>Percentage of \u201cDon\u2019t know \/ No response\u201d<\/em> answers (%). The order of countries as in Ch. 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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All three countries of the South Caucasus<\/em> are in the top 5 list of Chart 1<\/strong>. This fact, in our opinion, indicates, high intensity of passions in our region in 2022-23, and high level of determination to fight for their countries. The geopolitical instability of the region, superimposed on \u201crich\u201d history of confrontation and conflicts, mobilizes societies of the South Caucasus countries for armed struggle. The presence of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in the top 5 list, as well as of Afghanistan, adjacent to them (6th<\/sup> in the Ch. 1<\/strong>), complete the picture of the boiling \u201cGreater Middle East\u201d (20)<\/sup><\/a>, highlighting the South Caucasus<\/em> region even against this turbulent background.<\/p>\n

On the other side of the Ch. 1<\/strong>, among the last five countries least willing to fight for their country, we see Germany (23% \u201cYes\u201d<\/em>), Italy (14%) and Japan (9%), and among them Austria (20%). One cannot help to noticed that these are the countries of \u201cAxis\u201d of the WWII, plus Austria, annexed by Germany in March, 1938.<\/p>\n

Finally, the survey results for Russia, obtained at the end of 2023, appear somewhat unexpected. Only 32% of respondents answered \u201cYes\u201d<\/em> to the given question, which is noticeably below the average (52%, Ch. 1<\/strong>) for all 45 countries covered by the survey. However, only 20% gave a negative answer, which is also below the average (33%, Ch. 2<\/strong>). Meanwhile, 48% of respondents in Russia were \u201cuncertain\u201d, which is about 3.5 times higher than the average (14%, Ch. 3<\/strong>). In fact, this is the maximum value in Ch. 3<\/strong>, with Japan’s 41% second-highest level, only slightly lower, but still exceptionally high above the average (14%).<\/p>\n

For Ukraine, the 2023 survey recorded 62% \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d, 33% \u201cNo<\/em>\u201d, and only 4% \u201cDK\/NR\u201d<\/em> answers. Thus, according to [1], the \u201cdetermination\u201d<\/em> of Ukrainians to fight for their country is almost twice as high as the determination<\/em> of Russians. But of course, unusually high levels of \u201cDK\/NR\u201d<\/em> answers for RF and Japan still need some explanation, unfortunately absent in [1]. One can only speculate that these is due to some degree of restraint of the respondents, caused by the ongoing Special Military Operation (SMO) of RF in Ukraine, and due to still unresolved situation between RF and Japan over \u201cthe Northern Territories\u201d.<\/p>\n

It is interesting to note, that the level of emigration from Ukraine after the beginning of the SMO is estimated at about 10 mln persons, which comprise about 4.20% of the total population (42 mln) of Ukraine in 2014. Meanwhile, emigration form RF after the beginning of the SMO is estimated up to 1.0 mln persons, which is only about 1.44% of the total population (144 mln) of RF in 2014.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

(<\/em>To be continued)<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

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SOURCES AND REFERENCES<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”” woodmart_inline=”no” text_larger=”no”]<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. 2023 EoY Survey. Fewer people are willing to fight for their country compared to ten years ago. 25 March, 2024. https:\/\/www.gallup-international.com\/survey-results-and-news\/survey-result\/fewer-people-are-willing-to-fight-for-their-country-compared-to-ten-years-ago<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. A. H. Marjanyan, The scientific-information policy and hybrid wars. \u201c21st<\/sup> CENTURY\u201d, #4 (74), 2017. http:\/\/www.intelros.ru\/pdf\/21vek\/201704\/2.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. A. H. Marjanyan, THE UNIVERSE OF WORDS\u0589 The Google N-grams tool and frequency of the usage of words (in Arm.), \u201c21st<\/sup> CENTURY\u201d, #4 (74), 2017. https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/vselennaya-slov-google-n-grams-i-chastota-ispolzovaniya-slov.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. A. H. Marjanyan, Jean Baudrillard\u2019s \u201cSimulacres\u201d and Barak Obama\u2019s \u201cMedz Yeghern\u201d (in Arm.), P. 2 \u201cMay, 1968\u201d, \u201c21st<\/sup> CENTURY\u201d, #4 (74), 2017.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator color=”mulled_wine” align=”align_left” el_width=”30″ css=”” wd_hide_on_desktop=”no” wd_hide_on_tablet=”no” wd_hide_on_mobile=”no”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”” woodmart_inline=”no” text_larger=”no”]<\/p>\n

    (1) UNDP National expert (power sector), EU National expert (transport), EAEC Expert Club fellow, Ph.D., Senior Scientific Researcher, Leading analyst.<\/p>\n

    (2) Translated from Russian. The Russian original was submitted to the Editorial Board on 10.05.2024.<\/p>\n

    (3) \u201cI’m begging you\u201d, from the book \u201cMan in palm<\/em>\u201d, 1957.<\/p>\n

    (4) \u201cGlobal Barometer on Hope and Despair\u201d. Also named \u201cEnd of Year Survey (EoY)\u201d.<\/p>\n

    (5) Previously it was \u201cROMIR\u201d company that conducted surveys in Russia on behalf of GIA [2].<\/p>\n

    (6) \u201cThe Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest\u201d, \u201cJohn Wesley Harding<\/em>\u201d album, 1967.<\/p>\n

    (7) In Russian, \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438<\/em> \u0431\u044b<\/em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430<\/em> \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430<\/em>, <\/em>\u0432<\/em> \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439<\/em> \u0432\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430<\/em> (<\/em>\u0412\u0410\u0428\u0410<\/em> \u0421\u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0410<\/em>), <\/em>\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435<\/em> \u043b\u0438<\/em> \u0432\u044b<\/em> \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b<\/em> \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/em> \u0437\u0430<\/em> \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e<\/em> \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443<\/em>?\u00bb<\/em>, In Armenian, \u00ab<\/em>\u0535\u0569\u0565<\/em> \u057a\u0561\u057f\u0565\u0580\u0561\u0566\u0574<\/em> \u056c\u056b\u0576\u0565\u0580<\/em>, <\/em>\u0578\u0580\u056b\u0576<\/em> \u0576\u0565\u0580\u0584\u0561\u0577\u057e\u0561\u056e<\/em> \u0567<\/em> (<\/em>\u0541\u0535\u0550<\/em> \u0535\u0550\u053f\u053b\u0550\u0538<\/em>), <\/em>\u0561\u057a\u0561<\/em> \u057a\u0561\u057f\u0580\u0561\u057d\u057f<\/em> \u056f\u056c\u056b\u0576\u0565\u056b\u055e\u0584<\/em> \u056f\u057c\u057e\u0565\u056c<\/em> \u0571\u0565\u0580<\/em> \u0565\u0580\u056f\u0580\u056b<\/em> \u0570\u0561\u0574\u0561\u0580<\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    (8) Article 51, \u201cNothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security<\/em>\u201d. Chapter VII<\/a> of UN Charter: Actions regarding threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression (Articles 39\u201351<\/a>).<\/p>\n

    (9) There are about 5 thousand living languages in the world. Google<\/em> corpuses have been created for only seven of them (German, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Hebrew and several corpuses for English), for more details, see.[3].<\/p>\n

    (10) Let\u2019s pay attention that the Russian \u201crodina<\/em>\u201d comes from \u201crod<\/em>\u201d (genus, race, family in large), English \u201chomeland<\/em>\u201d from \u201chome<\/em>\u201d, Russian \u201cotchizna<\/em>\u201d from \u201cotche<\/em>\u201d (father), just as in the Armenian \u201chayrenik<\/em>\u201d, or English \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d, German \u201cvaterland<\/em>\u201d, Spanish and Italian \u201cpatria<\/em>\u00bb\u201d etc.). From all these we have \u201cpatriotism\u201d, \u201cThe Patriot\u201d film or the \u201cPatriot\u201d surface-to-air missile system.<\/p>\n

    (11) Corpus linguistics<\/em>, English, fiction, 2019<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    (12) To compare\u0589 before 2010, the best linguistic frequency corpuses (English, French, Spanish) counted only a couple millions of words. The first (and the last) \u201cDictionary of word frequency of contemporary Armenian language\u201d
    \n(by B. K. Kazaryan), published in 1982, counted only 36 thousand words [3].<\/p>\n

    (13) After all, our Anglo-Saxon friends say \u201chomeland security\u201d<\/em>, but not \u201ccountry security\u201d<\/em>, or \u201cfatherland security\u201d.<\/em> Even more reviling pictures emerges when analyzing the German corpus, or when simultaneously analyzing the English and German corpuses for the words \u201cfatherland<\/em>\u201d and \u201cVaterland<\/em>\u201d etc, but we will omit all this here.<\/p>\n

    (14) D\u00e9tente<\/em> [French]. The policy of easing international tension, the policy of \u201cpeaceful coexistence<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

    (15) We stated once, that \u201ccreating of the Armenian language corpus is a task no less important, than creating another \u201cPanzer Corps<\/em>\u201d [3].<\/p>\n

    (16) Hear and everywhere later we combine \u201cDon\u2019t know<\/em>\u201d answer of the survey with \u201cNo response<\/em>\u201d results in a single \u201cuncertain<\/em>\u201d category \u201cDK\/NR\u201d.<\/p>\n

    (17) The average value of answers \u201cNo\u201d<\/em> in [1] is given as 33%, while the correct number is 33.7%, see Chart 2.<\/p>\n

    (18) The average value of \u201cuncertain\u201d answers in [1] is given as 14%, which is incorrect. The sum of \u201cYes<\/em>\u201d, \u201cNo\u201d<\/em>, \u201cDK\/NR\u201d <\/em>answers may slightly differ from 100% due to rounding errors.<\/p>\n

    (19) The GIA EoY 2023 survey touches many other issues.<\/p>\n

    (20) Unfortunately, the Israel and Palestine were not covered by the GIA EoY 2023 survey.<\/p>\n

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    Download publication<\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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